Seismic Response of Buried Pipelines Crossing Active Faults: Advances and Prospects
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摘要: 活动断层错动产生的永久性地面变形是埋地油气与给排水管道在强震区面临的最严重威胁，国内外历次大震均反映出跨断层管段的高破坏率与严重次生灾害。因此，跨断层管道抗震设防已成为地震工程领域的重点关注的问题。本文系统收集了国内外跨断层管道破坏案例及其失效模式，并深剖其失效机制；其次从解析方法、数值模拟、物理模型试验3个层面出发，深入综述了跨断层管道地震响应的最新研究进展，并总结了现有抗震设防措施。最后，讨论了目前跨活动断层管道抗震防灾研究亟需解决的关键问题。分析表明，现有研究对震错耦合作用机制及其对管道响应的影响研究仍显不足，未来亟需融合地震学、地质学和工程学等多学科理论深入厘清震错耦合机制，开发可实现断层错动与地震动同步输入的同震同错试验技术。此外，应推进发展管道穿越活动断层的精细化、多尺度数值模拟方法，构建能反映断层破碎带、分布式变形及埋地管道动力特性的数值分析模型，以提升跨断层管道抗震性能评估与设防设计的科学性与可靠性。Abstract: Permanent ground deformation induced by active fault displacement poses the most severe threat to buried oil, gas, water supply, and drainage pipelines in high-seismicity regions. Past major earthquakes globally have consistently demonstrated high failure rates and catastrophic secondary disasters in pipeline segments crossing these faults. Consequently, the seismic fortification of fault-crossing pipelines has emerged as a critical focus within the field of earthquake engineering.This paper first systematically compiles global case studies of fault-crossing pipeline damage and their associated failure modes, providing an in-depth analysis of their underlying failure mechanisms. Secondly, from the perspectives of analytical methods, numerical simulations, and physical model testing, it comprehensively reviews the state-of-the-art research progress on the seismic response of fault-crossing pipelines, while summarizing existing seismic fortification measures. Finally, the critical challenges that urgently need to be addressed in current research on the seismic disaster prevention of pipelines crossing active faults are discussed.The literature review indicates that existing studies remain insufficient regarding the coupling mechanism of ground motion and fault displacement, as well as its specific impacts on pipeline response. Future endeavors urgently require integrating multidisciplinary theories from seismology, geology, and engineering to fully elucidate this coupling mechanism, alongside developing "co-seismic faulting" testing techniques capable of synchronously inputting both fault displacement and ground motion. Additionally, efforts should be directed toward advancing high-fidelity, multi-scale numerical simulation methods for pipelines crossing active faults. This entails constructing numerical analysis models that accurately capture fault fracture zones, distributed deformation, and the dynamic characteristics of buried pipelines, thereby enhancing the scientific rigor and reliability of seismic performance evaluation and fortification design for fault-crossing pipelines.
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图 1 1906年美国旧金山地震输水管道破坏（State Earthquake Investigation Commission，1908）
Figure 1. Damage to water pipelines during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake（State Earthquake Investigation Commission，1908）
图 2 2023 土耳其 Kahramanmaraş地震天然气管道破坏（Yan，2024；Uckan，2025）
Figure 2. Damage to Natural Gas Pipelines in the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes, Türkiye（Yan，2024；Uckan，2025）
表 1 历史地震管道破坏案例
Table 1. Case studies of historical pipeline damage caused by earthquakes
序号 地震事件 断层类型 最大同震位移 管道类型与口径 典型破坏模式 1 1906年美国旧金山地震MW 7.8～MW7.9 圣安德烈斯断层右旋走滑断层 滑动量：Shelter Cove 的最大值8.6 m ；Tomales Bay 的最大值7.5 m 铁管: 主要用于长距离主干输水线，口径多为 750 、925、1 100 mm；铸铁管: 主要用于城市地下配水干线，口径多为 400、500、550 mm 液化引发的侧向扩展滑坡是最普遍、破坏性最大的地基失效类型，管道破坏尤为致命，切断了城市供水，间接助长了震后火灾的蔓延。 2 1971美国San Fernando MW6.6 逆冲断层 水平 1.9 m/垂直 1.4 m 市政供水/燃气钢管、铸铁管 管道压屈与拉裂、铸铁管接口脱出，引发供水中断及次生火灾。 3 1976唐山MS 7.8 逆冲走滑断层 水平 2.3 m（最大值）/垂直 0.5～0.7 m 京秦输油管道采用16 Mn钢，双面焊螺旋钢管Φ529 mm, 壁厚7 mm 管道以压缩皱折形式破坏为主。 4 1995日本 Kobe MW 6.9 走滑断层 水平 1.7 m 城市燃气与给水球墨铸铁/钢管 接口脱出、管壁屈曲、震后火灾蔓延。 5 1999 土耳其Kocaeli MW7.4 走滑断层 水平 2～5 m Thames 供水钢管 DN2200、燃气管 跨断层段大变形、压屈，Ha等（2010）年通过离心试验复现该破坏模式。 6 1999中国台湾 集集MW7.6 逆冲断层 水平 0～9 m/垂直 1～10 m 中油原油/成品油钢管、给水管 逆断层错动导致管道大段拉伸/挤压屈曲与焊缝开裂，引发原油泄漏。 7 2001中国昆仑山口西 MS 8.1 走滑断层+超剪切破裂 水平 6～7 m，破裂长 426 km 青藏高原地区跨断层管线与油气工程 超剪切破裂引起的高频Mach波叠加同震永久错动，单次事件叠加震错耦合作用。 8 2008中国汶川 MS 8.0 逆冲—走滑断层 水平 4～5 m/垂直 6 m 市政供水、天然气钢管 断层带与滑坡区管道大量破坏，引发供水供气长时间中断。 9 2018印尼 Palu MW 7.5 走滑断层+液化 水平 4～6 m 城市供水管 断层错动叠加液化侧扩，管道大范围破坏。 10 2023土耳其Kahramanmaraş 双震MW 7.8/MW7.5 走滑断层 水平 4～7 m 天然气、给排水管线 跨断层输气管线3处破坏，天然气泄漏并引起次生火灾。 
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表 2 跨断层埋地管道典型解析方法对比
Table 2. Comparison of typical analytical methods for buried pipelines crossing faults
序号 文献 管材应力应变模型 主要假设 适用范围与特点 1 Newmark等（1975） 三折线模型 管道假设为悬索，忽略管道的弯曲与侧向土约束 适用于走滑断层、近钝角穿越；计算简单；忽略弯曲及压缩屈曲，受压情况偏不保守 2 Kennedy等（1977） Ramberg-Osgood
（RO）模型断层附近管道为单一曲率弧；考虑侧向土约束；RO管材 ASCE/ALA等规范推荐；弯曲应变偏保守；不适用于压缩屈曲 3 Wang等（1985） 三折线模型 管道分为大变形梁段+弹性地基梁段 适用于较大穿越角；考虑侧向土刚度；对压缩屈曲仍有限 4 刘爱文等（2002） Ramberg-Osgood
（RO）模型管道分为大变形梁段+弹性地基梁段 可以同时包容Newmark 和 Kennedy提出方法 5 Karamitros等（2007，2011） — 4段模型；非线性截面应力分布；正、走滑组合工况 精度高、应用广泛；目前国际上最常用解析方法之一 6 Trifonov等（2010，2012） — 考虑塑性刚度退化、轴力-挠度耦合、温度与内压 更适合大位移和服役工况；非线性方程组迭代求解 7 王滨等（2011） — 等效弹簧+切线刚度梁；管-土小变形段单独考虑 简化壳有限元等效边界；提高分析效率 8 Uckan等（2015） Ramberg-Osgood
（RO）模型4段塑性铰梁 形式简洁；便于工程估算；走滑断层 9 Sarvanis等（2017） — 适用于断层、滑坡、液化侧扩等多种PGD作用下的连续埋地管道 解析框架统一；适用范围广 10 Talebi等（2020） — 引入轴向力项的改进控制方程 走滑断层；扩展了控制方程的应用范围与精度 11 Valsamis等（2020） — 分段管节+柔性接头解析方程 适用于刚性分段管+柔性接口工况；走滑断层 12 Vazouras等（2010） 半经验经验公式 基于大量数值参数分析的回归公式 适合特定钢级与穿越角；形式简洁便于工程估算
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