Implications of Ultra-Shallow Earthquake Hazards: A Case Study of the 2025 Sichuan Xuyong MS3.3 Earthquake
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摘要: 2025年1—2月，在四川泸州市叙永县先后发生了3次有感地震，其中2月6日的MS3.3地震震感强烈，并造成显著的地表建筑物破坏，震后现场调查显示，震中区地震烈度达到Ⅵ度。根据区域地震台网资料重新定位，MS3.3地震重定位后的矩心深度约1 km，震源机制解给出两组节面参数，分别为：节面I走向为204°、倾向72°、滑动角109°，节面Ⅱ走向为336°、倾向26°、滑动角45°。本研究通过地震学分析，结合灾害调查情况，认为叙永MS3.3地震是一次典型的极浅源地震。极浅源地震是板内地震的常见类型，该类地震具有震源浅、分布广、灾害重的特点。近十年来，川南地区发生了大量中强震，大部分是极浅源地震。研究表明，极浅源地震既可能发生在天然的活动断裂带上，也可能发生在人类工业活动较多的地质构造脆弱区。因此，深入研究极浅源地震及其相关灾害对科学防范“小震大灾”具有重要意义，也是未来防震减灾面临的重要课题之一。Abstract: From January to February 2025, three felt earthquakes occurred successively in Xuyong county, Luzhou city, Sichuan Province. Among them, the MS3.3 earthquake on February 6 was strongly felt and caused notable damage to surface structures. Post-earthquake field investigations indicated that the seismic intensity reached VI in the epicentral area. Based on regional seismic network data, the MS3.3 earthquake was relocated, yielding a centroid depth of approximately 1 km. The focal mechanism solution produced two nodal planes: Plane I, with a strike of 204°, dip of 72°, and rake of 109°; and Plane II, with a strike of 336°, dip of 26°, and rake of 45°. By integrating seismological analysis with field damage investigation, this study identifies the MS3.3 Xuyong earthquake as a typical ultra-shallow earthquake. Ultra-shallow earthquakes commonly occur within plates and are characterized by shallow focal depths, wide spatial distribution, and disproportionately severe damage. Over the past decade, numerous moderate-to-strong earthquakes have occurred in southern Sichuan, most of which were ultra-shallow events. The results indicate that ultra-shallow earthquakes can occur not only along natural active fault zones but also in geologically vulnerable areas affected by intensive human industrial activities. Therefore, further investigation of ultra-shallow seismicity and its associated hazards is essential for preventing “small earthquakes causing large disasters” and remains an important challenge for future earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation.
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图 1 泸州市叙永县区域地质构造与2025年地震分布图
Figure 1. Map showing regional geological structure and earthquake distribution of Xuyong county, Luzhou city in 2025
图 2 四川盆地及其周缘主要断裂和地震分布图
Figure 2. Map of major faults and earthquake distribution in the Sichuan basin and its surrounding areas
图 3 2025年2月6日叙永MS3.3地震震源机制解波形反演残差随深度的变化
Figure 3. Variation of waveform inversion residuals with depth for the focal mechanism solution of the Xuyong MS3.3 earthquake on February 6, 2025
图 4 2025年2月6日叙永MS 3.3地震最佳拟合深度1.0 km处的波形拟合
Figure 4. Waveform fitting at the optimal fitting depth of 1.0 km for the Xuyong MS3.3 earthquake on February 6, 2025
图 5 震中区域砌体结构民房破坏现场情况
Figure 5. On-site damage of brick-concrete residential buildings in the epicentral area
图 6 震中区域地质灾害现场情况（28°00'58"N，105°29'09"E）
Figure 6. On-site conditions of geological hazards in the epicentral area（28°00'58"N，105°29'09"E）
表 1 叙永后山镇地震震源信息
Table 1. Hypocenter parameters of the earthquake in Houshan town, Xuyong county
发震时刻 震中位置 震源深度/km 震级 来源 经度/（°E） 纬度/（°N） 2025-01-15 01:32:56.06 105.47 28.03 9 MS3.0 四川地震台网 2025-01-20 00:15:03.08 105.48 28.01 9 MS2.9 四川地震台网 2025-02-06 22:25:31.06 105.48 28.00 12 MS3.3 四川地震台网 
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表 2 本次研究计算采用的一维速度模型
Table 2. 1 D velocity model used in the calculations in this study
项目 层号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 顶层深度/km 0.0 2.0 4.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 25.0 34.0 43.0 61.0 VP/(km·s−1) 4.93 5.29 5.55 5.72 5.80 5.93 6.10 6.16 6.40 6.54 6.72 6.76 7.62 7.86 VS/(km·s−1) 2.85 3.06 3.21 3.30 3.35 3.43 3.52 3.56 3.70 3.78 3.88 3.91 4.40 4.54
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表 3 震源机制解节面参数
Table 3. Nodal plane parameters of the focal mechanism solution
震中位置 深度/km 节面Ⅰ/(°) 节面Ⅱ/(°) 经度/(°E) 纬度/(°N) 走向 倾向 滑动角 走向 倾向 滑动角 105.480 27.982 1.0 204 72 109 336 26 45
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