Experience and Enlightenment of the Construction of Emergency Shelters in Schools in Japan
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摘要: 面对我国灾害频发与应急避难场所建设推进缓慢的现实困境，借助中小学校、体育馆等大型公共建筑，建设平灾两用的室内型、综合性避难场所是我国现代化城市防灾减灾工作的发展趋势。本文以日本应急避难场所为研究对象，通过查阅大量日本政府报告、相关学术论文及政策文件资料，系统概述了日本学校类应急避难场所建立的发展历程，重点梳理了其在选址、建设与运营等方面的成熟经验以及常态化防灾准备与应急响应中的创新举措。同时对比分析我国学校类应急避难场所的发展现状。研究发现，相较于日本学校类应急避难场所，我国在建设标准、设施配置、运营管理方面存在明显不足，未来应细化建设标准与技术要求，并通过推广优秀案例为实践提供参考；完善设施配置，构建人性化、高质量的避难环境；优化应急引导标识系统，提升居民避难响应效率；强化非结构构件的防灾性能，提供安全避难环境；构建政府、社区、学校多元协同机制，确保应急避难场所的可持续运营。Abstract: In the face of the practical dilemma of frequent disasters and slow progress in the construction of emergency shelters in China, with the help of large public buildings such as primary and secondary schools and gymnasiums, the construction of indoor and comprehensive shelters for both ordinary and emergency purposes is the development trend of disaster prevention and mitigation in modern cities and towns in China. In order to learn from the international advanced experience and promote the high-quality development of emergency shelters in China, this paper takes Japanese shelters as the research object, and systematically summarizes the development process of the establishment of school-type emergency shelters by consulting a large number of Japanese government reports, relevant academic papers and policy documents, focusing on their mature experience in site selection, construction and operation, as well as innovative measures in normalized disaster preparedness and emergency response. At the same time, the development status of school emergency shelters in China was compared and analyzed. The study finds that compared with Japanese school emergency shelters, there are obvious deficiencies in construction standards, facility configuration, and operation management in China, and the construction standards and technical requirements should be refined in the future, and excellent cases should be promoted to provide reference for practice. Improve the configuration of facilities and build a humanized and high-quality evacuation environment; Optimize the emergency guidance sign system to improve the efficiency of residents' evacuation response; Strengthen the disaster prevention performance of non-structural components and provide a safe evacuation environment; Establish a multi-faceted coordination mechanism among the government, the community, and schools to ensure the sustainable operation of emergency shelters.
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Key words:
- Emergency shelter /
- School /
- Japan /
- Emergency dual use /
- Disaster prevention and mitigation
1)1 2 日本气象厅设定震度由弱到强分别为0～4、5弱、5强、6弱、6强以及7，共10个等级。2)2 3 福祉型避难所：为需要特殊照顾且在普通庇护所生活有困难的人提供的有特殊照顾的避难所。 -
图 1 倒塌的支柱和墙壁（根据旧的抗震标准建造的学校设施）（MEXT，2011）
Figure 1. Collapsed pillars and walls （school facilities built according to old seismic standards）
图 2 有抗震加固部分建筑损坏情况与无加固部分损坏情况比较（MEXT，2011）
Figure 2. Comparison of damage to buildings with seismic reinforcement and damage to non-reinforced parts
图 3 日本中小学耐震化率、无耐震性建筑物剩余数量变化情况 （文部科学省，2023b）
Figure 3. Changes in the seismic resistance rate of Japanese primary and secondary schools, and the remaining number of buildings without seismic resistance
图 4 检查项目举例（文部科学省，2015）
Figure 4. Example of inspection items
图 6 岛户市高知县立竹岛小学各楼层标高（MEXT，2014）
Figure 6. The elevation of each floor of takeshima elementary school in Kochi Prefecture, Shimado City
图 11 日本应急避难场所分阶段运行管理细则
Figure 11. Detailed rules for the phased operation of emergency shelters in Japan
表 1 日本文部科学省发布的学校类防灾避难相关指南计划
Table 1. Guidelines for disaster prevention and evacuation in schools issued by the ministry of education, culture, sports, science and technology
分类维度 名称 主要内容 防灾避难体系建立 《防灾事务计划》（文部科学省，2023c） 针对地震、海啸、风害、水灾、核灾5种灾害，从平时预防（定期演练、设施检查、安全教育等）、灾时应对（提供物资、疏散引导等）、灾后重建及全过程管理等方面，系统规定文部科学省管辖事务中的防灾事项，全面推动防灾工作。 防灾避难工作推进 《学校设施非结构构件抗震指南》（文部科学省，2015） 提供非结构构件检查清单，要求学校每学期检查非结构性部件的老化情况（如生锈、裂缝等），每年核查教学设备的抗震措施落实情况，帮助评估非结构构件危险性并制定预防措施，防止地震时非结构构件对避难人群造成伤害。 《基于洪水风险的学校设施防洪措施推广指南》（文部科学省，2023a） 提出绘制洪水预期淹没图、加盖防泥沙外墙、开发雨水储存渗透设施等防洪措施，明确学校与地方政府合作评估洪水风险、审查防洪设施的程序，促进跨部门协作。 《学校设施抗震推广指南》（MEXT，2003） 提出学校应对地震的基本措施，指导学校通过抗震性能调查和评估确定抗震工程的紧急程度，帮助学校逐步提升设施抗震能力。 《学校无障碍设施推广指南》（MEXT，2004） 提出学校设施无障碍化的设计要点和注意事项，推动无障碍学校设施作为应急避难场所，确保特殊人群的避难需求得到满足。 《学校危机管理手册制作指南》（文部科学省，2018a） 提供应对各类事故和突发事件的基本措施及注意事项，指导各学校根据地区特点和实际情况编制本校的危机管理手册。 防灾避难恢复 《学校设施灾后恢复成本调查指南》（文部科学省，2017） 提出公立、私立学校设施及公共教育设施的灾害恢复成本调查要点，包括修复费用计算原则、标准以及建筑物损坏的分类等，为灾后恢复提供依据。 防灾避难保障 《灾害援助计划》（文部科学省，2024） 明确灾后各类学校可获得的补助金额及援助负责部门，为学校灾后恢复提供资金和政策支持。 
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