Study on Time-Frequency Characteristics of Ground Vibration in Sand Liquefaction Sites
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摘要: 砂土液化场地的地震动特性研究对于重大工程的抗震设防具有重要意义。基于新西兰2010—2011年地震序列的地震动记录，对比分析强震动观测台站场地在液化与非液化事件中的地震动特性，利用希尔伯特-黄变换（Hilbert-Huang Transform，HHT）进行时频分析，揭示了液化对地震波频谱的影响特征。结果表明，液化场地的地震动加速度时程具有显著的“尖刺”谐波振荡现象。通过时频图中特定频率成分的变化，即中高频成分显著减少，低频成分占据主导地位，能够有效确定场地进入液化状态的时刻。基于美国野生动物园液化台阵（Wildlife Liquefaction Array, WLA）的数据资料，结合对应的孔压监测数据，验证了地震动记录时频图中频率成分变化表征液化触发时间的可行性，对基于地表强震动记录判定场地砂土液化状态具有较好的指征意义。Abstract: The study on ground motion characteristics of sand liquefaction sites holds significant importance for seismic fortification of major engineering projects. Based on ground motion records from the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand, this research conducted a comparative analysis of ground motion characteristics at strong motion observation station sites during liquefaction and non-liquefaction events. Through time-frequency analysis using Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), the impact features of liquefaction on seismic wave spectra were revealed. The results demonstrate that acceleration time histories of liquefied sites exhibit distinctive "spiky" harmonic oscillations. By analyzing specific frequency component variations in time-frequency diagrams - particularly the significant reduction of mid-high frequency components and dominance of low-frequency components - the frequency drop feature can effectively determine the timing of site liquefaction initiation. Validation using data from the Wildlife Liquefaction Array (WLA) in the United States, combined with corresponding pore pressure monitoring data, confirms the feasibility of using frequency component changes in ground motion time-frequency diagrams to characterize liquefaction triggering time. This finding provides valuable diagnostic indicators for determining sand liquefaction status based on surface strong motion records.
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Key words:
- Sand liquefaction /
- Ground motion records /
- Time-frequency analysis /
- Hilbert transform
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图 1 新西兰地震序列引起的基督城液化区域分布图
Figure 1. Map of liquefaction distribution in Christchurch caused by the New Zealand earthquake sequence
图 3 部分台站两次地震的加速度时程图
Figure 3. Acceleration time history of two earthquakes at each station
图 4 CCCC台站不同时频变换效果图
Figure 4. Effect of different time-frequency conversion of CCCC stations
图 6 新台站的土层情况以及传感器布设剖面图
Figure 6. Section diagram of sensor layout andstrata conditions of the new station
图 9 地震事件希尔伯特时频图
Figure 9. Time-frequency plot of superporous pressure ratio for seismic events
表 1 新西兰地震序列情况
Table 1. Earthquake sequence in new zealand
序号 时间 震级 1 2010-09-04（达菲尔德） MW7.1 2 2011-02-22（坎特伯雷） MW6.2 3 2011-06-13 MW5.3 4 2011-06-13 MW6.0 5 2011-12-23 MW5.8 6 2011-12-23 MW5.9 7 2011-12-23 MW4.9 
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表 2 台站液化情况
Table 2. Liquefaction of the station
序号 台站名称 达菲尔德地震 坎特伯雷地震 场地类型 液化触发计算 地表液化现象 地震动特征 液化触发计算 地表液化现象 地震动特征 1 CACS 无记录 否 否 无记录 否 否 D 2 CBGS 否 否 否 是 否 是 D 3 CCCC 否 否 否 是 是 是 D 4 CHHC 否 否 否 是 是 是 D 5 CMHS 是 否 否 是 是 是 D 6 HPSC 否 是 是 是 是 是 E 7 HVSC 否 否 否 否 否 否 C 8 KPOC 无记录 否 否 无记录 否 否 E 9 NBLC 否 否 无记录 是 否 无记录 D 10 NNBS 否 否 否 是 否 是 E 11 PPHS 否 否 否 否 否 否 D 12 PRPC 否 否 否 否 是 是 E 13 REHS 是 否 否 是 否 是 D 14 RHSC 无记录 否 否 无记录 否 否 D 15 SHLC 是 否 否 是 是 是 D 16 SMTC 无记录 否 否 无记录 否 否 D
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表 3 布劳利地震序列信息
Table 3. Brawley earthquake sequence information
事件编号 地方近震震级ML 震源深度/ km 震中距/ km 加速度峰值/ Gal 东西向 南北向 竖直向 13442 4.59 70.0 60.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 13452 5.32 130.0 184.0 165.0 130.0 184.0 13453 4.89 122.0 89.0 113.0 122.0 89.0 13457 4.33 99.0 20.0 101.0 99.0 20.0 13519 5.44 181.0 175.0 173.0 181.0 175.0 13529 4.25 115.0 28.0 70.0 115.0 28.0 13603 4.31 32.0 9.0 28.0 32.0 9.0 13621 4.61 270.0 63.0 275.0 270.0 63.0 13740 4.90 249.0 121.0 320.0 249.0 121.0 13891 4.22 28.0 28.0 35.0 28.0 28.0
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