Research on Seismic Response and Failure Modes of Pile Group Bridge Systems in Liquefaction-induced Lateral Spreading Site
-
摘要: 震害调查表明，地震中土体液化引发场地发生侧向扩展致使桩基损伤进而耦联上部结构倒塌的案例常有发生，在近滨海地区的地层中更为显著。此外，斜桩与直桩在地震期间表现出不同的震害特征。基于此，采用高效多尺度全耦合三维精细化数值模拟方法，开展了液化侧向扩展场地直斜群桩桥梁体系地震响应研究。采用变渗透系数模型考虑液化过程中渗透系数的变化，引入主-从薄层接触单元模拟桩-土接触面脱离与滑移。研究结果表明：强震激励下，土体液化后场地发生侧向扩展，上坡桩与下坡桩呈现相反的轴向响应。桩基与土体之间出现明显的脱离、滑移，传统的绑定接触不适用于侧向扩展场地。斜桩与直桩在近场表现出不同的变形模式，上部结构沿不同的方向发生弯曲变形。与直桩相比，斜桩表现出更显著的桩钉效应，能够更有效地抵抗场地侧向扩展，明显降低土体、桩基、上部结构水平位移与加速度响应，提高体系抗震性能。但在工程设计中，需要重点关注斜桩体系的竖向位移。Abstract: Post-earthquake investigations have revealed numerous cases of pile foundation damage and consequent superstructure collapse caused by liquefaction-induced lateral spreading of the ground, particularly in coastal areas. Moreover, batter piles and vertical piles exhibit different seismic damage characteristics during earthquakes. Based on these observations, a study on the seismic response of vertical and batter pile group bridge systems in liquefaction-induced lateral spreading ground was conducted using an efficient multi-scale fully coupled three-dimensional refined numerical simulation method. The variable permeability model was employed to consider the changes in permeability during the liquefaction process, and master-slave thin-layer contact elements were introduced to simulate the separation and slippage of the pile-soil interface. The results show that under strong seismic excitation, the ground undergoes lateral spreading after soil liquefaction, and the upslope and downslope piles exhibit opposite axial responses. Significant separation and slippage occur between the pile and the surrounding soil, and the bonded contact is not applicable to lateral spreading ground. Batter piles and vertical piles exhibit different deformation patterns in the near-field, and the superstructure undergoes bending deformation along different directions. Compared with vertical piles, batter piles exhibit a stronger pile-pinning effect against lateral spreading. They significantly reduce the horizontal displacement and acceleration response of the soil, pile foundation, and superstructure, thereby enhancing the system’s seismic performance. However, in engineering design, special attention should be paid to the vertical displacement of the batter pile system.
-
Key words:
- Lateral spreading /
- Batter piles /
- Numerical simulation /
- Seismic response /
- Displacement
-
图 1 典型三层土液化倾斜场地群桩桥梁体系
Figure 1. Pile group system for a typical three-layer soil inclined liquefaction sites
图 2 液化倾斜场地群桩桥梁体系三维模型及细节
Figure 2. Liquefiable sloping ground soil-pile group-bridge structure model and details
图 4 Ottawa砂土（Dr=40%&90%）试验与数值模拟结果比较
Figure 4. Comparison between experimental and numerical simulations for Ottawa sand with Dr（40%&90%）
图 11 土-结体系水平位移云图（HBB）
Figure 11. Cloud map of the horizontal displacement of the soil-structure system（HBB）
图 12 斜群桩桥梁体系竖向位移云图（HBB）
Figure 12. Cloud map of the vertical displacement of the system（HBB）
图 13 斜桩竖向位移和轴力沿埋深分布
Figure 13. Vertical displacement and axial force of batter pile with burial depth
图 15 桩基水平位移峰值沿埋深分布
Figure 15. Peak horizontal displacement of the pile foundation along depth
图 19 承台与上部结构水平位移
Figure 19. Horizontal displacement of the pile cap and superstructure
表 1 土材料参数
Table 1. Soil parameters
参数 黏土 参数 松砂 密砂 密度ρclay/(t/m3) 1.6 密度ρsand/(t/m3) 1.8 1.989 剪切模量Gc/kPa 15 剪切模量GS/kPa 82 105 粘聚力cu/kPa 33 摩擦角φTXC/° 31 38.5 峰值剪应变γmax 0.1 峰值剪应变γmax 0.1 0.1 参考围压Pr/kPa 100 参考围压Pr/kPa 101 101 压力系数n 0.5 压力系数n 0.5 0.5 屈服面数 20 相变角φPT 26.8 34 摩擦角φTXC 0 剪缩参数c1 0.61 0.076 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 混凝土结构截面材料
Table 2. Steel and concrete properties for the structure section
钢筋材料 混凝土材料 参数 取值 参数 取值 保护层 核心区 屈服强度fy/MPa 785 混凝土抗压强度fc/MPa −25.45 −28.0 弹性模量E/GPa 200 混凝土极限强度fcu/MPa −5.09 −5.6 应力硬化比b 0.01 混凝土峰值强度对应应变εc −0.003 −0.005 弹塑性控制参数 R0=18 混凝土压碎时对应的应变εcu −0.01 −0.025 CR1=0.925 混凝土弹性模量Ec/MPa 21.0 21.0 CR2=0.15 — — —
下载: 导出CSV
-
陈婷婷, 2018. 液化场地斜桩抗震性能的离心机试验和数值分析. 北京: 清华大学.Chen T. T., 2018. Centrifuge test and numerical study on the seismic behavior of batter pile foundation in lateral spreading soil. Beijing: Tsinghua University. (in Chinese) 幸思佳, 潘军, 2023. 孟加拉国帕德玛大桥施工关键技术. 世界桥梁, 51(S1): 41−47.Xing S. J., Pan J., 2023. Key construction techniques of Padma Bridge in Bangladesh. World Bridges, 51(S1): 41−47. (in Chinese) AFPS, AFTES, 2001. Guidelines on Earthquake Design and Protection of Underground Structures. Paris: AFPS/AFTES. Arduino P. , Ashford S. , Assimaki D. , et al. Geo-engineering reconnaissance of the 2010 Maule, Chile earthquake. (2010-05-25)[2025-02-07]. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cenv_fac/212/ Berrill J. B., Christensen S. A., Keenan R. P., et al., 2001. Case study of lateral spreading forces on a piled foundation. Géotechnique, 51(6): 501−517. doi: 10.1680/geot.51.6.501.40462 Bhattacharya S., Madabhushi S. P. G., 2008. A critical review of methods for pile design in seismically liquefiable soils. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 6(3): 407−446. doi: 10.1007/s10518-008-9068-3 Bhattacharya S., Tokimatsu K., Goda K., et al., 2014. Collapse of Showa Bridge during 1964 Niigata earthquake: a quantitative reappraisal on the failure mechanisms. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 65: 55−71. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.05.004 Bian W. W., Wu J. C., Lei B. C., et al., 2023. Detection of pre-seismic deformation of 2021 Maduo M7.4 earthquake by using ASF HYP3. IET Conference Proceedings, 2023(47): 4178−4182. doi: 10.1049/icp.2024.1785 Borgese P. , 2024. Analisi numerica di travi Gerber soggette a corrosione e valutazione di possibili interventi di rinforzo = numerical analysis of half-joints subjected to corrosion and evaluation of possible retrofitting interventions. Torino: Politecnico di Torino. Brauer S. A. , 2014. Damage identification of an offshore wind turbine jacket support structure. Trondheim: Institutt for Marin Teknikk. Chang D. D. , 2007. Inertial and lateral spreading demands on soil-pile-structure systems in liquefied and laterally spreading ground during earthquakes. Davis: University of California, Davis. Elbadawy M. A., Zhou Y. G., Chen Y. M., 2024. An improved pressure dependent multi-yield surface model: calibration and validation. Computers and Geotechnics, 172: 106445. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2024.106445 Escoffier S., 2012. Experimental study of the effect of inclined pile on the seismic behavior of pile group. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 42: 275−291. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.06.007 European Committee for Standardization, 2004. EN 1998−5 Eurocode 8: design of structures for earthquake resistance part 5: foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects. Brussels: CEN. Fujino Y., Hashimoto S., Abe M., 2005. Damage analysis of Hanshin expressway viaducts during 1995 Kobe earthquake. I: residual inclination of reinforced concrete piers. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 10(1): 45−53. Giannakou A., Gerolymos N., Gazetas G., et al., 2010. Seismic behavior of batter piles: elastic response. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(9): 1187−1199. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000337 Joque D. T. , Huggins M. , Rusten A. , 2001. Design/build delivery of the Schnitzer steel wharf and seawall, Tacoma, Washington. In: Ports '01: America's Ports: Gateway to the Global Economy. Norfolk: ASCE, 1−10. Kastranta G. , Gazetas G. , Tazoh T. , 1998. Performance of three quay walls in Maya Wharf: Kobe 1995. In: European Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Paris: A. A. Balkema. Li Z., Escoffier S., Kotronis P., 2016. Centrifuge modeling of batter pile foundations under sinusoidal dynamic excitation. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 14(3): 673−697. doi: 10.1007/s10518-015-9859-2 Liu K. Y., Xu C. S., Xu H. B., et al., 2022. Experimental study on load-transfer mechanism and failure mode of batter pile under oblique uplift loading. International Journal of Geomechanics, 22(12): 04022231. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002475 McManus K. , Turner J. P. , Charton G. , 2005. Inclined reinforcement to prevent soil liquefaction. In: Proceedings of the 2005 NZSEE Conference. Taupo: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 523−533. Moss R. E. S., Kayen R. E., Tong L. Y., et al., 2011. Retesting of liquefaction and nonliquefaction case histories from the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137(4): 334−343. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000406 Motamed R., Towhata I., Honda T., et al., 2013. Pile group response to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading: E-defense large shake table test. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 51: 35−46. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.04.007 Pan R. J., Xu C. S., Meite R., et al., 2024. Seismic performance of pile groups under liquefaction-induced lateral spreading: insights from advanced numerical modeling. Buildings, 14(10): 3125. doi: 10.3390/buildings14103125 Rajeswari J. S., Sarkar R., 2021. Seismic behavior of batter pile groups embedded in liquefiable soil. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 20(3): 583−604. doi: 10.1007/s11803-021-2040-9 Rajeswari J. S., Sarkar R., 2024. Adequacy of batter piles under seismic conditions: a review of past performances and investigations. Structures, 61: 106022. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2024.106022 Ramirez J., Barrero A. R., Chen L., et al., 2018. Site response in a layered liquefiable deposit: evaluation of different numerical tools and methodologies with centrifuge experimental results. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 144(10): 04018073. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001947 Seed R. B., Dickenson S. E., Idriss I. M., 1991. Principal geotechnical aspects of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Soils and Foundations, 31(1): 1−26. doi: 10.3208/sandf1972.31.1 Shahir H., Mohammadi-Haji B., Ghassemi A., 2014. Employing a variable permeability model in numerical simulation of saturated sand behavior under earthquake loading. Computers and Geotechnics, 55: 211−223. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.09.007 Song J., Ma X. L., Jia K. M., et al., 2022. An explicit finite difference method for dynamic interaction of damped saturated soil site-pile foundation-superstructure system and its shaking table analysis. Buildings, 12(8): 1186. doi: 10.3390/buildings12081186 Tazoh T., Sato M., Jang J., 2010. Centrifuge tests on pile foundation-structure systems affected by liquefaction-induced soil flow after quay wall failure. Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu A, 66(1): 133−147. doi: 10.2208/jsceja.66.133 Xu C. S., Dou P. F., Du X. L., et al., 2020. Large shaking table tests of pile-supported structures in different ground conditions. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 139: 106307. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106307 Youd T. L., Perkins D. M., 1987. Mapping of liquefaction severity index. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 113(11): 1374−1392. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1987)113:11(1374) Yu J. S., Yong P., Read S., et al., 2010. The MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 reconnaissance report. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 43(1): 41−83. doi: 10.5459/bnzsee.43.1.41-83 -
点击查看大图
图(21) / 表(2)
计量
- 文章访问数: 22
- HTML全文浏览量: 22
- PDF下载量: 7
- 被引次数: 0
