Simulation and Experimentation of Rubble Roadbed under Reverse Fault Displacement
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摘要: 以穿越逆断层的新藏公路高寒地区的某片块石路基段为研究对象，通过物理试验和数值模拟，分析了逆断层断错作用下片块石路基的变形与受力特征。物理试验模型按1∶15的比例缩尺建立，试验结果显示：上盘整体抬升，其破坏程度高于下盘，但下盘受断错影响的范围较大。距离断错迹线越近，路基破坏越严重，反之则越轻，最大变形出现在断层迹线处。从破坏形态来看，片块石路基破坏的形式主要有路面隆起、裂缝、水稳层与片块石层脱空、张拉断裂等。数值模拟结果显示：上盘整体抬升，最大变形同样出现在断层迹线处，且断层迹线附近变形急剧变化，距离迹线越远，相对变形逐渐减小。上盘水稳层在远离迹线处受压，靠近迹线处受拉；下盘水稳层在靠近迹线处受拉，远离迹线处受压，下盘端部受压达最大值；片块石层与砂砾层土的压力基本表现为受压，且压力在迹线处减小。数值模拟中的片块石路基变形和受力特征与试验结果较为吻合，研究结果表明，片块石路基具有较好的抗断效果，这些结论可为跨活动断层片块石路基设计提供科学依据。Abstract: A rubble roadbed section of the Xinjiang–Tibet Highway in a cold region, which crosses a thrust fault, was investigated to analyze its deformation and stress characteristics under fault dislocation through physical experiments and numerical simulations. The physical experiment employed a 1:15 scaled model. Results indicate that the hanging wall experiences overall uplift and suffers more severe damage than the footwall, whereas the footwall is affected over a larger area. Damage severity decreases with increasing distance from the fault trace, with maximum deformation occurring directly at the trace. The primary forms of damage observed include surface uplift, cracks, voids between the water-stable layer and the rubble layer, and tensile fractures. Numerical simulations reveal similar patterns: the hanging wall undergoes overall uplift with maximum deformation near the fault trace, and deformation diminishes with distance from the trace. The water-stable layer on the hanging wall is under tension near the fault trace and compression farther away; on the footwall, it is under tension near the trace and compression at greater distances, with the maximum compressive stress at the end of the footwall. Soil pressures in the rubble and gravel layers are predominantly compressive, decreasing near the fault trace. The deformation and stress distributions from numerical simulations closely match the experimental observations. These findings indicate that rubble roadbeds exhibit considerable resistance to fault-induced dislocation. The results provide valuable scientific guidance for the design and construction of rubble roadbeds across active faults.
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Key words:
- Segmented stone roadbed /
- Reverse fault /
- Fault displacement /
- Numerical simulation /
- Experimental model
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图 2 新藏公路高寒地区局部片块石路基段近场区地震构造图
Figure 2. Seismic structural map of the local block-stone roadbed section in the permafrost region of the Xinjiang-Tibet highway near the seismic source area
图 4 跨逆断层片块石路基三维物理模型图
Figure 4. 3D Physical model diagram of roadbed crossing a reverse fault
图 5 跨逆断层片块石路基三维有限元模型
Figure 5. 3D Finite element model of roadbed crossing a reverse fault
图 6 逆断层断错作用下片块石路基位移云图
Figure 6. Displacement contour map of segregated stone roadbed under reverse fault displacement and location of observation points
图 7 逆断层断错作用下片块石路基位移图
Figure 7. Displacement plot of segregated stone roadbed under reverse fault displacement
图 8 逆断层断错作用下水稳层土压力变化图
Figure 8. Plot of soil pressure variation in the water-stable layer under reverse fault displacement
图 9 逆断层位错作用下砂砾层土压力变化图
Figure 9. Plot of soil pressure variation in the gravel layer under reverse fault displacement
图 10 逆断层位错作用下片块石层应力变化图
Figure 10. Plot of stress variation of the segregated stone layer under reverse fault displacement
图 13 片块石路基试验模型剖面图
Figure 13. Cross-section of segmented stone roadbed experimental model
图 14 位移计、土压力计布设位置
Figure 14. Distribution of displacement gauges and earth pressure gauges
图 19 下盘水稳层与沥青层破坏明显
Figure 19. Significant damage to the lower water-stabilized layer and asphalt layer
图 23 水稳层与上层砂砾层土压变化
Figure 23. Soil pressure variation between the water-stable layer and the upper gravel layer
图 24 片块石层与下层砂砾层土压变化
Figure 24. Soil pressure variation between the segregated stone layer and the lower gravel layer
表 1 片块石路基数值模型参数
Table 1. Parameters of segmented stone roadbed numerical model
土体 密度/(g·cm−3) 杨氏模量/Pa 泊松比/(°) 屈服强度/MPa 砂砾 1.5 2×107 0.2 1.5 片块石 2 5×108 0.3 30 水稳料 2.2 1.5×109 0.25 10 
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表 2 缩尺模型相似设计表格
Table 2. Scale model similarity design
比例 1∶1 1∶5 1∶10 1∶15 1∶20 抬升 1.8 m 0.36 m 0.18 m 0.12 m 0.09 m
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表 3 片块石路基结构材料与厚度
Table 3. Materials and thickness of block-stone roadbed structure
路面结构(缩放后) 第一层 9 cm水泥稳定层(水泥掺量4.5%) 第二层 2 cm砂砾层 第三层 8 cm片块石层 第四层 2 cm砂砾层
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表 4 片块石路基沥青层配合比与水稳层级配
Table 4. Asphalt layer mix proportion and grading of water-stabilized layer for block-stone roadbed
类别 碎石 10～15 mm 碎石 5～10 mm 碎石 3～5 mm 机制砂 0～3 mm 矿粉 水泥含量 沥青 22% 20% 26% 27% 5% 0 水稳料 28.80% 4.30% 8.70% 11.40% 24.60% 4.50%
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