Abstract: Gouges are the common product bydeformation in the shallow crust of the active fault zones. They are made up of unconsolidated clastic, rock grains and clay minerals. Generally, the width of gouges in a fault zone is only a few millimeters to tens of meters, while it formed from one earthquake motion which is just a few millimeters to several centimeters. Gouges record the history and retain all kinds of the active fault zones. Therefore, as an important medium, gouges are useful to study the movement and activity of the active fault zones. In this paper we use high vacuum scanning electron microscope to study of structures of gouges at nano/micro-scale. Firstly, original-state directional samples of gouges in the active fault zones are collected. Secondly, the samples are dried up naturally in laboratory before they are made into micro samples. Thirdly, before observing nano/micro-structures by high vacuum scanning electron microscope, the surfaces of micro samples need to be coated with a layer of gold. Lastly, all kinds of phenomena of deformations on fabric in a-b surface and fabric in a-c surface are analyzed. For example, striations, ridges, grooves, groups of striations in different directions, slickenside, steps and arrangement types of clay minerals can be observed from fabric in a-b surface. Folds, gravels surrounded by clay minerals, rotation, break, clastic particle packed by clay minerals and other phenomena of deformations can be observed from fabric in a-b surface. These phenomena represent different meanings and reflect different mechanical property, which is useful in study of the fault movement, fault age, faulting mode, and faulting type.