Characteristics of Earthquake Casualties in Gansu Province from 2000 to 2021
-
摘要: 本文收集整理了2000—2021年造成甘肃省内人员伤亡的地震灾害事件,以各次地震灾害损失评估报告及相关资料为基础,对甘肃省地震人员伤亡特征进行分类统计分析。结果表明,2000—2021年是甘肃省建国至2021年以来地震人员伤亡最为严重的时期。破坏性地震的区域性分布差异、人口分布差异等造成地震人员伤亡在空间上分布不均,甘肃省东南部地区明显重于西部地区。房屋倒塌是造成甘肃省地震人员死亡的首要原因,但在甘肃省东南部地区,须足够重视因地震引发山体滑坡及滚石等次生地质灾害导致的人员伤亡程度。60~79岁年龄段地震死亡人数占比较高,可能与人口老龄化加速、震区农村地区日益增加的空巢老人相关。6.0级以下地震导致人员死亡的程度轻微,但在甘肃省东南部一些经济条件薄弱、房屋建筑质量差、场地条件差的地区,5.0级以下的地震会造成个别人员受伤及死亡。Abstract: This study conducted a comprehensive review of reports detailing earthquake events in Gansu province from the year 2000 to 2021, which resulted in fatalities and injuries. Utilizing disaster-induced loss assessment reports and supplementary data, we categorized and statistically analyzed the patterns of casualties associated with these earthquake events. Our findings indicate that the two-decade span marks the period with the most severe earthquake-related casualties since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The spatial distribution of earthquake casualties is notably uneven, with the southeastern regions of the province experiencing significantly more severe impacts compared to the western regions. Notably, Longnan city, Dingxi city, and the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture have recorded the highest numbers of casualties and injuries. The primary cause of fatalities was building collapse, although in Longnan city, the number of deaths due to secondary disasters, such as landslides and rolling stones, was comparable to those caused by the initial seismic shock. This underscores the necessity for heightened awareness and preparedness for secondary disasters in these areas post-earthquake. Additionally, the study highlights a concerningly high proportion of victims aged 60~79, which may be linked to the rapid aging of the population and the growing number of elderly individuals living alone in rural settings. Furthermore, the study reveals that earthquakes of magnitudes below M6.0 occur with relative frequency and, despite a lower mortality rate, contribute significantly to the severity of injuries sustained. In the economically disadvantaged southeastern regions, characterized by substandard construction and inadequate land management, even earthquakes of magnitudes below M5.0 have the potential to result in a significant number of casualties. This study underscores the importance of robust disaster preparedness and response strategies, particularly in vulnerable areas, to mitigate the impact of future seismic events and safeguard the lives of residents.
-
Key words:
- Earthquake disaster /
- Casualty /
- Characteristic /
- Gansu province
1)1 2 甘肃省地震局,2013. 2013年7月22日甘肃省岷县、漳县交界地区6.6级地震灾害损失评估报告. -
表 1 2000—2021年造成甘肃省地震人员伤亡事件
Table 1. The earthquake events resulting casualty in Gansu province from 2000 to 2021
序号 时间/(年-月-日) 经度/°E 纬度/°N 地点 震级/级 震中烈度 人员伤亡/人 死亡 受伤 1 2000-06-06 102.31 35.63 甘肃景泰 5.9 Ⅷ 0 24 2 2002-12-14 97.30 39.80 甘肃玉门 5.9 Ⅶ 2 350 3 2003-10-25 101.20 38.40 甘肃民乐-山丹 6.1、5.8 Ⅷ 10 46 4 2003-11-13 103.90 34.70 甘肃岷县-临潭-卓尼 5.2 Ⅷ 1 133 5 2004-09-07 103.90 34.70 甘肃岷县-卓尼 5.0 Ⅶ 1 36 6 2006-03-27 104.32 34.12 甘肃宕昌 4.3 Ⅵ 0 1 7 2006-06-21 104.93 33.05 甘肃文县 5.0 Ⅵ+ 1 19 8 2008-05-12 103.40 31.00 四川汶川 8.0 Ⅻ(Ⅸ) 365 10003 9 2013-07-22 104.20 34.50 甘肃岷县-漳县 6.6 Ⅷ 95 2414 10 2015-04-15 104.00 35.40 甘肃临洮 4.5 Ⅵ 1 6 11 2019-10-28 102.69 35.10 甘肃夏河 5.7 Ⅶ 0 21 注:2008年汶川8.0级地震甘肃省境内最高烈度为IX(9)度。 表 2 1900—1999年造成甘肃省人员伤亡的地震事件
Table 2. The earthquake events resulting casualty in Gansu province from 1900 to 1999
序号 时间/(年-月-日) 经度/°E 纬度/°N 地点 震级 人员伤亡/人 死亡 受伤 1 1920-12-16 104.90 36.70 宁县海原(仪器震中位于甘肃省白银境内) 8.5 123572 56673 2 1921-03-27 104.10 37.10 甘肃景泰 5.5 9 不详 3 1927-05-23 102.20 37.70 甘肃古浪 8.0 41471 不详 4 1932-12-02 96.70 39.70 甘肃玉门昌马 7.6 275 350 5 1936-02-07 103.40 35.40 甘肃康乐西南 6.8 42 >35 6 1936-08-01 105.70 34.20 甘肃天水南 6.0 144 31 7 1954-02-11 101.13 38.47 甘肃山丹 7.3 47 332 8 1984-01-06 102.17 37.95 甘肃天祝 5.5 0 4 9 1987-10-25 105.17 34.05 甘肃礼县 5.1 0 8 10 1990-10-20 103.63 37.12 甘肃天祝-景泰-古浪 6.2 4 92 11 1995-07-22 103.00 36.50 甘肃永登 5.8 10 592 12 1996-06-01 102.75 37.30 甘肃天祝-古浪 5.4 0 20 13 1999-04-15 104.57 32.53 甘肃文县-武都 4.7 1 30 表 3 2000—2021年甘肃省地震人员伤亡数量级分布
Table 3. Classification of earthquake casualty in Gansu province during 2000—2021
类别 发生年度 年度死亡人数 三百余人 2008 数十人 2003、2013 数人 2002、2004、2006、2015 年度受伤人数 1万余人 2008 两千余人 2013 数百人 2002、2003 数十人 2000、2004、2006、2019 表 4 2000—2021年甘肃省市州地震人员伤亡排序
Table 4. The ranking of prefecture’s earthquake casualty in Gansu province during 2000—2021
类别 市州(排名) 死亡人数 三百余人 陇南市(1) 数十人 定西市(2)、甘南州(3)、张掖市(4) 数人 天水市(5)、平凉市(6)、庆阳市(7)、酒泉市(8) 受伤人数 数千人 陇南市(1)、定西市(2) 数百人 甘南州(3)、酒泉市(4) 数十人 平凉市(5)、张掖市(6)、天水市(7)、庆阳市(8)、白银市(9) 表 5 2000—2021年甘肃省区县地震死亡人数
Table 5. The earthquake fatality in districts and counties of Gansu province during 2000—2021
序号 地名 死亡人数/人 2002 2003 2004 2006 2008 2013 2015 1 酒泉市 玉门市 2 — — — — — — 2 张掖市 民乐县 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 山丹县 — 3 — — — — — 4 定西市 岷县 — 1 1 — — 92 — 5 漳县 — — — — — 1 — 6 临洮县 — — — — — — 1 7 甘南州 舟曲县 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 8 陇南市 武都区 — — — — 120 — — 9 文县 — — — 1 115 — — 10 康县 — — — — 29 — — 11 成县 — — — — 18 — — 12 西和县 — — — — 12 — — 13 宕昌县 — — — — 11 1 — 14 礼县 — — — — 11 1 — 15 徽县 — — — — 10 — — 16 两当县 — — — — 1 — — 17 平凉市 崆峒区 — — — — 5 — — 18 崇信县 — — — — 2 — — 19 灵台县 — — — — 1 — — 20 天水市 秦州区 — — — — 6 — — 21 清水县 — — — — 2 — — 22 秦安县 — — — — 1 — — 23 庆阳市 镇原县 — — — — 3 — — 24 华池县 — — — — 1 — — 25 合水县 — — — — 1 — — 26 正宁县 — — — — 1 — — 表 6 2000—2021年造成甘肃省人员死亡震例
Table 6. The earthquake events resulting fatality in Gansu province between year 2000 and 2021
序号 年份/年 死亡/人 致死原因 备注(地震事件) 房屋倒塌 山体滑坡滚石 惊吓病死等 落水 1 2002 2 0 0 2 0 玉门市5.9级地震 2 2003 11 8 0 2 0 民乐-山丹6.1级、5.8级地震 1 0 0 0 岷县-临潭-卓尼5.2级地震 3 2004 1 1 0 0 0 岷县-卓尼5.0级地震 4 2006 1 0 0 1 0 文县5.0级地震 5 2008 300/365 137 139 18 6 汶川8.0级地震 6 2013 95 81 14 0 0 岷县-漳县6.6级地震 7 2015 1 1 0 0 0 临洮县4.5级地震 注:序号5中死亡人数300人为有明确致死原因的人数,2008年地震造成死亡人数总计为365人。 -
陈通,郑通彦,2016. 2015年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评. 灾害学,31(3):133−137. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2016.03.022Chen T., Zheng T. Y., 2016. Review of earthquake damage losses in mainland China in 2015. Journal of Catastrophology, 31(3): 133−137. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2016.03.022 顾功叙,1983a. 中国地震目录(公元前1831−公元1969年). 北京:科学出版社. 顾功叙,1983b. 中国地震目录(公元1970−1979年). 北京:科学出版社. 国家地震局,国家统计局,1996. 中国大陆地震灾害损失评估汇编(1990-1995年). 北京:地震出版社. 李雯,陈文凯,周中红等,2019. 中国大陆地震灾害生命损失时空特征分析. 灾害学,34(1):222−228. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2019.01.040Li W., Chen W. K., Zhou Z. H., et al., 2019. Analysis of temporal-spatial distribution of life losses caused by earthquake hazards in Chinese mainland. Journal of Catastrophology, 34(1): 222−228. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2019.01.040 林向洋,郑通彦,文鑫涛,2018. 2017年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评. 防灾科技学院学报,20(3):52−58. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8047.2018.03.008Lin X. Y., Zheng T. Y., Wen X. T., 2018. Review of earthquake damage losses in mainland China in 2017. Journal of Institute of Disaster Prevention, 20(3): 52−58. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8047.2018.03.008 林向洋,文鑫涛,郑通彦,2020a. 2018年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评. 防灾科技学院学报,22(2):10−17.Lin X. Y., Wen X. T., Zheng T. Y., 2020a. Review of earthquake damage losses in China mainland in 2018. Journal of Institute of Disaster Prevention, 22(2): 10−17. (in Chinese) 林向洋,文鑫涛,李华玥等,2020b. 2019年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评. 震灾防御技术,15(3):473−483.Lin X. Y., Wen X. T., Li H. Y., et al., 2020b. Review of earthquake damage losses in mainland of China in 2019. Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention, 15(3): 473−483. (in Chinese) 裴惠娟,周中红,孙艳萍等,2016. 甘肃省人口空间分布特征分析. 西北师范大学学报(自然科学版),52(5):95−100,113.Pei H. J., Zhou Z. H., Sun Y. P., et al., 2016. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the population in Gansu province. Journal of Northwest Normal University (Natural Science), 52(5): 95−100,113. (in Chinese) 石玉成,卢育霞,2009. 汶川8.0级地震甘肃灾区震害特点及恢复重建对策. 西北地震学报,31(1):1−7.Shi Y. C., Lu Y. X., 2009. The damage features of Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake in Gansu disaster area and countermeasures of reconstruction. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 31(1): 1−7. (in Chinese) 王兰民,吴志坚,2013. 岷县漳县6.6级地震震害特征及其启示. 地震工程学报,35(3):401−412. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2013.03.0401Wang L. M., Wu Z. J., 2013. Earthquake damage characteristics of the Minxian-Zhangxian M S6.6 earthquake and its lessons. China Earthquake Engineering Journal, 35(3): 401−412. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2013.03.0401 文鑫涛,郑通彦,2018. 2016年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评. 灾害学,33(3):141−144. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2018.03.026Wen X. T., Zheng T. Y., 2018. Review of earthquake damage losses in mainland China in 2016. Journal of Catastrophology, 33(3): 141−144. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2018.03.026 谢毓寿,郭履灿,1957. 1954年2月11日甘肃省山丹县的地震. 地球物理学报,6(2):159−179.Xie Y. S., Guo L. C., 1957. The Shan-Tan earthquake of February 11, 1954. Acta Geophysica Sinica, 6(2): 159−179. (in Chinese) 张苏平,聂高众,孙艳萍等,2017. 甘肃岷县漳县 M S6.6地震重灾区房屋类型与致死的关系研究. 地震工程学报,39(4):781−789. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2017.04.0781Zhang S. P., Nie G. Z., Sun Y. P., et al., 2017. Relation between different building types and personnel death in the heavy disaster area of the Minxian-Zhangxian M S6.6 Earthquake. China Earthquake Engineering Journal, 39(4): 781−789. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2017.04.0781 郑通彦,李洋,侯建盛等,2010. 2008年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评. 灾害学,25(2):112−118. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2010.02.023Zheng T. Y., Li Y., Hou J. S., et al., 2010. Review on earthquake disaster loss in Chinese mainland in 2008. Journal of Catastrophology, 25(2): 112−118. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2010.02.023 郑通彦,郑毅,2012. 2011年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评. 自然灾害学报,21(5):88−97.Zheng T. Y., Zheng Y., 2012. Review of earthquake damage losses in mainland China in 2011. Journal of Natural Disasters, 21(5): 88−97. (in Chinese) 郑通彦,郑毅,2014. 2012年中国大陆地震灾害述评. 自然灾害学报,23(3):166−170.Zheng T. Y., Zheng Y., 2014. Review of earthquake disasters in Chinese mainland in 2012. Journal of Natural Disasters, 23(3): 166−170. (in Chinese) 郑通彦,冯蔚,郑毅,2015. 2014年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评. 世界地震工程,31(2):202−208.Zheng T. Y., Feng W., Zheng Y., 2015. Review of earthquake damage losses in Chinese mainland in 2014. World Earthquake Engineering, 31(2): 202−208. (in Chinese) 中国地震局监测预报司,2001. 中国大陆地震灾害损失评估汇编(1996-2000年). 北京:地震出版社. 中国地震局震灾应急救援司,2010. 2001~2005年中国大陆地震灾害损失评估汇编. 北京:地震出版社. 中国地震局震灾应急救援司,2015a. 1966~1989年中国地震灾害损失资料汇编. 北京:地震出版社. 中国地震局震灾应急救援司,2015b. 2006~2010年中国大陆地震灾害损失评估汇编. 北京:地震出版社.