Influence of Source Parameters on the Hanging Wall Effect of Near-fault Earthquake Motion by Spectral Element Method
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摘要: 国内外已有诸多学者基于强震记录或数值模拟方法开展了近断层地震动的上盘效应分析，并获得了初步的认识，但上盘效应随震源参数的变化规律仍有待深入探讨。本文使用运动学有限断层震源模型，运用高精度谱元法模拟逆断层破裂模式下近断层区域地震动，对比上、下盘地震动差异进而分析近断层地震动上盘效应。通过改变单一震源参数，研究断层上界埋深、震级大小以及断层倾角对地震动上盘效应的影响规律。研究结果表明：（1）使用运动学有限断层震源的谱元法数值模拟可以较好地反映近断层上盘效应；（2）上盘效应随测点到断层上界在地表投影的水平距离Rx的增加先增大后减小，最终趋于稳定。（3）上盘效应随断层上界埋深的增加先增大后减小，且随着断层上界埋深的增加，上盘效应峰值区会向远离断层破裂迹线的方向扩展。（4）上盘效应受矩震级影响较小，但总体随矩震级的增大而增大；上盘效应峰值区到断层破裂迹线的距离不随矩震级的变化而变化。（5）随着断层倾角的增加，上盘效应先增大后减小，当断层倾角为45°时上盘效应最为明显；随着断层倾角增加，上盘效应峰值区会向远离断层破裂迹线的方向扩展；当断层倾角为90°时不存在上盘效应。Abstract: Several researchers domestically and internationally have studied the hanging wall effect of near-fault ground motion using strong earthquake record or numerical simulation approach and have made preliminary knowledge. However, the variation law of hanging wall effect with source parameters is still unclear and requires more discussion. In this paper, the kinematic finite fault source model is used to simulate the ground motion in the near-fault region under the reverse fault rupture mode with the high-precision spectral element method. The difference of ground motions between the hanging wall and footwall is compared to analyze the hanging wall effect of near-fault ground motion. Then, by adjusting the single source parameters, the impact of the buried depth of the upper boundary of the fault, magnitude, and fault dip on the hanging wall effect of ground motion is investigated. The result demonstrates that:（1）Numerical simulation using the spectral element method with kinematic finite fault source reflects the near-fault hanging wall effect well; （2）The hanging wall effect increases first, then decreases, and finally tends to be stable with the improve of the horizontal distance Rx from the measuring point to the upper bound of the fault.（3）The hanging wall effect climbs up and then declines with the rise of buried depth of upper boundary of fault; and the peak area of the he hanging wall effect will expand in the direction far from the fault rupture trace. （4）The hanging wall effect is less affected by moment magnitude but enlarges with the increase of moment magnitude. The distance from the peak area of hanging wall effect to the fault rupture trace does not change with the change of moment magnitude. （5）With the increase of fault dip, the hanging wall effect growths first and then decays, the hanging wall effect is the most obvious when the fault dip angle is 45°, and the peak area of hanging wall effect will appear far away from the fault rupture trace. There is no hanging wall effect when the fault dip is 90°.1)
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图 3 运动学有限断层震源模型确立流程
Figure 3. Establishment process of kinematic finite fault source model
图 5 水平向PGA空间分布及上盘效应随Rx变化图
Figure 5. Spatial distribution of horizontal PGA and variation of hanging wall effect with Rx
图 6 不同断层上界埋深的有限断层震源模型示意图
Figure 6. Schematic of finite fault source model with different buried depths of upper boundary of fault
图 7 不同断层上界埋深对应的PGA分布云图
Figure 7. Spatial distribution of PGA corresponding to different buried depths of upper boundary of fault
图 8 不同上界埋深的上盘效应随Rx变化的对比图
Figure 8. Comparison of hanging wall effect with Rx for different buried depths
图 9 不同矩震级对应的PGA空间分布云图
Figure 9. Spatial distribution of PGA corresponding to different moment magnitudes
图 10 不同震级对应的上盘效应随Rx变化的对比图
Figure 10. Comparison of hanging wall effect with Rx for different moment magnitudes
图 11 不同断层倾角的有限断层震源模型示意图
Figure 11. Schematic of finite fault source model with different fault dip angles
图 12 不同断层倾角对应的PGA空间分布云图
Figure 12. Spatial distribution of PGA corresponding to different fault dip angles
图 13 不同断层倾角对应的上盘效应随Rx变化的对比图
Figure 13. Comparison of hanging wall effect with Rx for different fault dip angles
表 1 计算模型介质参数
Table 1. The medium parameters of calculation model
深度/
km密度ρ/
（g·cm−3）P波速度vp/
（km·s−1）S波速度vs/
（km·s−1）品质因子
Qμ单元尺寸/
km5 2.67 4.92 2.71 150 0.5 20 2.86 6.34 2.86 1 30 2.85 6.80 2.95 2 
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