Model Test Study on Deformation Transfer between Overlying Soil Layer and Tunnel under Reverse Fault Action
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摘要: 基于自行设计的错动模型试验装置和数字图像相关技术开展1∶80模型试验，研究60°倾角逆断层错动作用导致上覆土层剪切破裂的过程。依托数字图像相关技术非接触式全场测量的优势，分析上覆土层与隧道相互作用对上覆土层剪切破裂扩展、上覆土层变形和地表变形的影响，总结60°倾角逆断层错动作用下上覆土层与隧道之间的变形传递形式。研究结果表明，与自由场试验结果相比，由于隧道与上覆土层变形不同步，剪切破裂遇到隧道时会产生分叉，即隧道能够偏移上覆土层剪切破裂路径；在逆断层作用下，由于上覆土层与隧道力学性能存在差异，二者不能同步变形，为适应剪切区上覆土层的大变形，隧道周边土体会出现脱空，不利于隧道抗震；与自由场试验结果相比，隧道在影响破裂路径的同时能够将剪切变形扩散到更宽的区域，并在地表产生更大范围的陡坎。Abstract: Based on the self-designed dislocation model test device and DIC technology, the 1∶80 model test was carried out to study the process of shear fracture of overlying soil caused by the action of a 60° reverse fault. Relying on the advantages of non-contact whole-field measurement of DIC technology, the influence of the interaction between the overlying soil layer and the tunnel on the shear fracture propagation of the overlying soil, the deformation of the overlying soil and the surface deformation is emphatically analyzed, and the deformation transfer mechanism between the overlying soil layer and the tunnel is summarized. The test results show that, compared with the free field test results, because the rigidity of the tunnel is far greater than that of the overburden, the shear fracture and the tunnel encounter will produce bifurcation, that is, the tunnel can offset the shear fracture path of the overburden; Under the action of reverse fault, the overlying soil layer and the tunnel cannot deform synchronously due to the difference of mechanical properties. To adapt to the large deformation of the overlying soil layer in the shear zone, the soil around the tunnel will appear void, which is unfavorable to the seismic resistance of the tunnel. Compared with the free field test results, the tunnel can spread the shear deformation to a wider area while affecting the fracture path, and produce a wider range of scarps on the surface.
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Key words:
- Tunnel /
- Fault zone /
- Fault dislocation /
- Shear deformation /
- Interaction /
- Digital image correlation (DIC)
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图 8 上覆土层位移云图 （错动位移30 mm）
Figure 8. Nephogram of overlying soil layer displacement （Dislocation 30 mm）
图 9 上覆土层剪应变云图（错动位移30 mm）
Figure 9. Shearing strain nephogram of overlying soil layer （Dislocation 30 mm）
图 10 模型试验与数值模拟结果对比验证（错动位移30 mm）
Figure 10. Comparison and verification of model test and numerical simulation （Dislocation 30 mm）
表 1 ISO标准砂基本物理参数
Table 1. Physical mechanical parameters of ISO standard sand
相对密度$ {G}_{{\rm{s}}} $ 最大孔隙比$ {e}_{{\rm{max}}} $ 最小孔隙比$ {e}_{{\rm{min}}} $ 样品的累计粒度分布百分数达到50%时所对应的粒径$ {d}_{50} $ 不均匀系数$ {C}_{{\rm{u}}} $ 曲率系数$ {C}_{{\rm{c}}} $ 2.643 0.848 0.519 0.21 1.542 1.004 
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表 2 上覆土层剪切破裂带扩展关键参数
Table 2. Key parameters of shear fracture zone expansion of overlying soil layer
工况 有无隧道 水平传播距离/mm 地表梯度 地表扩展角/（°） 自由场 无 180.0 −0.35 19 隧道 有 220.0 −0.75、−1.18 37、50
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表 3 地表变形关键参数
Table 3. Key parameters of surface deformation
工况 影响区范围/$ \mathrm{m}\mathrm{m} $ 地表位移曲线拐点位置/$ \mathrm{m}\mathrm{m} $ 地表位移曲线拐点位置倾角
/（°）上盘边界 下盘边界 自由场 400 400 −150 11 133 −267 隧道 467 467 −233、−83 4、9 133 −333
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