GNSS Monitoring of Cross Fault Seismic Deformation of China Myanmar Oil and Gas Pipeline Project
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摘要: 中缅油气管道工程是我国重要的能源战略项目，该工程沿线地质背景复杂、破坏性地震多发，尤其是在云南境内跨越的3条大断裂曾发生过7级以上大震，有再次发生破坏性地震的可能性，对管道安全有潜在威胁。中缅油气管道地震观测项目通过在管道与3条断裂交汇处布设3组GNSS观测点，观测地震可能引起的断层位错，进而估计管道可能的变形影响。基于观测数据，分析影响观测的因素及断层位错的观测误差。管道变形承受能力对比结果表明，GNSS跨断裂变形观测系统能够有效观测断裂的位错，进而估计其对管道产生的影响。Abstract: China Myanmar natural gas pipeline project is an important energy strategic project in China, the geological background along the project is complex and destructive earthquakes are frequent, in particular, the three major faults across Yunnan have experienced major earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above, and it is likely to happen again which is a potential threat to the safety of the pipeline. The China Myanmar natural gas pipeline seismic monitoring project monitors the fracture dislocations that may be caused by earthquakes by setting up three groups of GNSS observation points at the intersection of the pipeline and three faults, so as to estimate the possible deformation impact of the pipeline. Based on the observation data, this paper discusses the factors affecting the observation, analyzes the observation error of fracture dislocation. Comparing the deformation bearing capacity of pipeline, it shows that the built GNSS cross fracture deformation observation system can effectively monitor the dislocation of fracture, and then estimate the possible impact of this deformation on pipeline.
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图 1 龙陵-瑞丽跨断层观测系统布设示意图
Figure 1. Layout of Longling-Ruili cross fault monitoring system
图 2 凤仪-定西岭跨断层观测系统布设示意图
Figure 2. Layout of Fengyi-Dingxiling cross fault monitoring system
图 3 小江断裂西支跨断层观测系统布设示意图
Figure 3. Layout of fault monitoring system across the west branch of Xiaojiang fault
图 4 跨断层变形观测系统GNSS固定观测墩
Figure 4. GNSS fixed observation pier of cross fault deformation monitoring system
图 5 跨断层变形观测系统GNSS观测房（含观测墩）
Figure 5. Cross fault deformation monitoring system GNSS observation room （Including observation pier）
图 6 龙陵观测站观测点PPP定位结果相对于测点初始位置偏移随时间的变化
Figure 6. Variation of PPP positioning results of Longling observation station relative to the initial position offset of measurement points with time
图 7 定西岭观测站观测点PPP定位结果相对于测点初始位置偏移随时间的变化
Figure 7. Variation of PPP positioning result of Dingxiling observation station relative to the initial position offset of the measurement point with time
图 8 龙陵观测站观测点间水平面内基线长度的变化
Figure 8. Change of baseline length in horizontal between observation points of Longling observation station
图 9 定西岭观测站观测点间水平面内基线长度的变化
Figure 9. Change of baseline length in horizontal between observation points of Dingxiling observation station
图 10 龙陵观测站观测点间竖向间距的变化
Figure 10. Change of vertical distance between two measuring points at Longling observation station
图 11 定西岭观测站观测点间竖向间距的变化
Figure 11. Change of vertical point spacing between observation points of Dingxiling observation station
图 12 定西岭、龙陵观测站观测数据的多路径误差
Figure 12. Multipath error of observation data at Dingxiling and Longling observation stations
图 13 定西岭、龙陵观测站单点定位误差
Figure 13. Single point positioning error of Dingxiling and Longling observation stations
图 14 定西岭、龙陵观测站观测数据信噪比
Figure 14. Signal to noise ratio of observation data of Dingxiling and Longling observation stations
图 15 定西岭观测站基线误差解算结果
Figure 15. Baseline error calculation results of Dingxiling observation station
图 16 龙陵观测站基线误差解算结果
Figure 16. Baseline error calculation results of Longling observation station
表 1 GNSS测量系统技术性能指标
Table 1. Technical performance indexes of GNSS measurement system
指标 基本性能 通道 ≥24（并行） 测量方式 独立完整的码与载波相位测量、高精度的多重相关 L1/L2 伪距测量 采样 最大20 Hz RTK网络 VRS、FKP、MAC 数据存储 ≥32 MB 通信 RJ45、RS232，无线802.11 b 功耗 2 W 电源 10.5～28 V 直流，带压电保护功能。 工作温度 −30 ℃～70 ℃ 静态精度（MonNET 后处理） 水平：3 mm＋0.5 ppm RMS
垂直：5 mm＋1 ppm RMS快速静态基线精度（后处理）
水平：5 mm＋0.5 ppm
垂直：10 mm＋1 ppm动态定位：RTK
水平：10 mm＋1 ppm
垂直：20 mm＋1 ppm天线类型 L1/L2 零相位微对中天线，抑径板可以减少多路径干扰 天线增益 50 dB，内置低噪音放大器 使用温度 −40 ℃～70 ℃ 天线包装 防水、密封，高技术材料外壳机械强度高 
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表 2 数据利用率及周跳频次统计
Table 2. Statistics of data utilization and weekly hop frequency
测站 数据利用率/% 周跳频次 MDGCDS 100 0.006 2 MDGCF 100 0.012 0 MDGCDX 83 0.002 8 LLGCD 100 0.004 4 LLGCF 100 0.005 6
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表 3 管道尺寸参数
Table 3. Design parameters of different pipeline projects
管道项目 外径/m 壁厚/m 设计压力/MPa 天然气管道 0.010 6 0.022 9 15 原油管道 0.813 0 0.028 6 15 成品油管道 0.219 1 0.009 5 15
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表 4 管道容许变形计算
Table 4. Calculation of pipeline ultimate deformation
管道项目 容许拉伸量/cm 容许压缩量/cm 容许弯曲量/cm 天然气管道 41.13 27.57 8.4 原油管道 132.59 70.56 152.9 成品油管道 66.08 20.04 63.77
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表 5 PPP基线误差收敛值
Table 5. Convergence value of PPP baseline error
方向 定西岭观测站基线
误差收敛值/cm龙陵观测站基线
误差收敛值/cmN 0.514 0.412 E 0.381 0.379 U 3.341 4.314
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表 6 不同观测站观测值与真实值差值的标准差
Table 6. Difference standard deviation between observed values and true values at different stations
基线段 标准差/cm 定西岭观测站A-C 0.058 定西岭观测站B-C 0.060 定西岭观测站A-B 0.058 龙陵观测站A-B 0.029
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表 7 N向GNSS管道观测阈值
Table 7. Observation threshold of GNSS pipeline in horizontal N direction
基线段 拉伸阈值/cm 压缩阈值/cm 弯曲阈值/cm 天然气管道 原油管道 成品油管道 天然气管道 原油管道 成品油管道 天然气管道 原油管道 成品油管道 定西岭观测站A-C 41.702 133.162 66.652 28.142 71.132 20.612 8.972 153.472 64.342 定西岭观测站B-C 41.704 133.164 66.654 28.144 71.134 20.614 8.974 153.474 64.344 定西岭观测站A-B 41.702 133.162 66.652 28.142 71.132 20.612 8.972 153.472 64.342 龙陵观测站A-B 41.571 133.031 66.521 28.011 71.001 20.481 8.943 153.443 64.313
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表 8 E向GNSS管道观测阈值
Table 8. Observation threshold of GNSS pipeline in horizontal Edirection
基线段 拉伸阈值/cm 压缩阈值/cm 弯曲阈值/cm 天然气管道 原油管道 成品油管道 天然气管道 原油管道 成品油管道 天然气管道 原油管道 成品油管道 定西岭观测站A-C 41.569 133.029 66.519 28.007 70.999 20.479 8.839 153.339 64.209 定西岭观测站B-C 41.571 133.031 66.521 28.011 71.001 20.481 8.841 153.341 64.211 定西岭观测站A-B 41.569 133.029 66.519 28.009 70.999 20.479 8.839 153.339 64.209 龙陵观测站A-B 41.538 132.998 66.488 27.978 70.968 20.448 8.808 153.308 64.178
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表 9 U向GNSS管道观测阈值
Table 9. Observation threshold of GNSS pipeline in vertical U direction
基线段 拉伸阈值/cm 压缩阈值/cm 弯曲阈值/cm 天然气管道 原油管道 成品油管道 天然气管道 原油管道 成品油管道 天然气管道 原油管道 成品油管道 定西岭观测站A-C 44.529 135.989 69.479 30.969 73.959 23.439 11.799 156.299 67.169 定西岭观测站B-C 44.531 135.991 69.481 30.971 73.961 23.441 11.801 156.301 67.171 定西岭观测站A-B 44.529 135.989 69.479 30.969 73.959 23.439 11.799 156.299 67.169 龙陵观测站A-B 45.473 136.933 70.423 31.913 73.93 24.383 12.743 157.243 68.113
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