Geochemical Characteristics of Volcanic Hot Spring Gas in China and its Applications in Volcanic Monitoring
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摘要: 中国火山温泉主要分布在吉林长白山、云南腾冲和黑龙江五大连池等火山区。这些火山虽然处于休眠状态，但大面积的温泉分布指示着岩浆房存在的可能性。本文总结了前人研究成果，分析了中国主要火山区温泉气体地球化学特征，并探讨了温泉气体在火山监测中的应用。长白山、腾冲和五大连池火山区温泉气体地球化学性质类似，都以CO2为主要气体，含量在80%以上，最高可达99%以上，其它气体组分包括CH4、N2、O2、SO2、H2S、He和H2等。长白山火山温泉气体中氦同位素比值（3He/4He）最高，约为4—6RA，CO2中碳同位素比值（δ13C）为-7.9‰—-1.3‰，CH4中碳同位素为-48.0‰—-28.7‰；腾冲火山温泉气体氦同位素比值为3—5.5RA，CO2中的碳同位素为-6.49‰—-2.07‰，CH4中碳同位素为-23.5‰—-9.3‰；五大连池火山温泉气体氦同位素比值约为3RA，CO2中的碳同位素比值为-9.6‰—-3.1‰，CH4中碳同位素为-47.2‰—-44.4‰。3个火山区的温泉气体均显示地幔来源的岩浆气体特征，并在上升运移过程中受地壳或古俯冲物质的影响。Abstract: The volcanic hot springs in China are mainly distributed in the Changbaishan volcanic region in Jilin Province, the Tengchong volcanic region in Yunnan Province, and the Wudalianchi volcanic region in Heilongjiang Province. Although these volcanoes are dormant, wide distribution of hot springs indicates the existence of magma chambers. This paper summarizes the results of previous studies, analyzes the geochemical characteristics of hot spring gas in major volcanic regions of China, and discusses the applications of hot spring gases in volcano monitoring. The geochemical characteristics of the hot spring gases in the Changbaishan, Tengchong, and Wudalianchi volcanic regions are similar, with CO2 as the main gas, the content of which is above 80%, and the highest is more than 99%. Other gas components including CH4, N2, O2, SO2, H2S, He and H2. The helium isotopic ratios (3He/4He) in the Changbaishan volcanic hot spring gases are the highest, about 4-6RA. The carbon isotopes (δ13C) in CO2 are from -7.9‰ to -1.3‰ and the carbon isotopes in CH4 are between -48.0‰ and -28.7‰. The helium isotopic ratios of the Tengchong volcanic hot spring gases are 3-5.5RA. The carbon isotopes of CO2 are from -6.49‰ to 2.07‰ and from -22.22‰ to -13.70‰ in CH4. The helium isotopic ratios of the Wudalianchi volcanic hot spring are about 3RA. The carbon isotopic ratios in CO2 are between -9.6‰ and -3.1‰ and from -47.2‰ to -44.4‰ in CH4. The hot spring gases in the three volcanic areas all indicate mantle sources, which may be contaminated by the crustal or ancient subduction materials during the up-immigration processes. Combined with the results of earthquakes and topographic deformation, the geochemical characteristics of gases in volcanic hot springs are of great importance to the monitoring of active volcanoes.
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Key words:
- Volcanic hot springs /
- Geochemical characteristics /
- Isotopes /
- Volcanic monitoring
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图 1 2002—2012年温泉气体的CO2/N2与CH4/N2比值连续观测图（a）和2001—2012年长白山火山每月地震次数（引自Xu等，2012）（b）
Figure 1. The CO2/N2 and CH4/N2 ratios from 2002 to 2012 (a) and monthly number of earthquakes of Changbaishan Volcano between 2001 and 2012 (revised from Xu et al., 2012)(b)
图 2 中国主要火山区温泉气体的氦同位素比值
Figure 2. Helium isotope ratios of hot spring gases in major volcanic regions of China
图 3 中国主要火山区温泉气体中的碳同位素比值
Figure 3. Carbon isotopes of hot springgases in major volcanic regions in China
图 4 中国主要火山区温泉气体碳同位素平衡温度
Figure 4. Carbon isotopic equilibrium temperature of hot spring gases from major volcanic regions in China
表 1 长白山聚龙温泉15号采样点温泉气体中CO2、CH4和N2含量及比值
Table 1. Concentrations of CO2, CH4 and N2 and the ratios of Sampling site No.15 of Julong hot spring at Changbaishan Volcano
采样年份 CH4/% CO2/% N2/% CO2/N2 CH4/N2 2002 0.16 95.02 3.44 27.6 0.047 2003 0.41 97.52 0.54 180.6 0.759 2004 0.07 93.23 5.90 15.8 0.012 2005 0.32 95.50 3.02 31.6 0.106 2006 0.16 98.46 0.81 121.6 0.198 2007 0.18 96.46 2.18 44.2 0.083 2009 0.11 93.74 4.77 19.7 0.023 2010 0.12 97.66 1.56 62.6 0.074 2011 0.3 96.90 1.40 69.2 0.179 2012 0.31 94.25 3.17 29.7 0.098 
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