Application of Geodesy Technology in Deformation Monitoring of Volcanoes
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摘要: 岩浆活动的不同阶段引起地表变化不同。地表形变受压力源大小、形状、深度及岩浆运移速率等影响；另外火山类型不同，地形不同，形变特征也不同。地表形变幅度范围很大，为1×10-7—1米量级。火山区形变监测可以了解火山活动状态，有助于进行喷发危险性的预测预报。形变监测从20世纪60年代的传统技术逐渐过渡到20世纪90年代发展起来的GNSS和InSAR等大地测量新技术，火山区形变时空监测能力得到提高，同时缩短了预测时间。我国火山形变监测开始较晚，现已在长白山天池、腾冲以及海南等主要火山区开展监测。传统的连续测量以地倾斜观测为主；新技术主要以流动GNSS监测为主，连续观测站少，InSAR技术研究时间密度不够；目前形变监测还不能实现很好的时空覆盖。Abstract: The surface deformation varies with magmatic activities in different periods. Deformation monitoring can help to understand the activities and to evaluate the potential risk of eruption. Generally, the deformation in volcano area is affected by the magamatic source pressure, size, shape, depth and migration rate and etc. The volcanic types also can cause different deformation on the surface. The range of amplitude is from 1×10-7 to 1 meter-scale. The new geodetic technologies developed in the 1990s, such as GNSS and InSAR, gradually replaced the traditional technique of the 1960s. The monitoring capability has been improved in temporal-spatial domain. The deformation monitoring of active volcanoes in China started late in 1990s, which has been used in the volcano monitoring of Tianchi Changbaishan, Tengchong and Hainan volcanoes. However, the continuous deformation measurement is done only with tilting. The application of new geodesy technologies, such as continuous GNSS, is not enough in these volcano regions.
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Key words:
- GNSS /
- InSAR /
- Deformation model /
- Deformation monitoring network
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图 1 不同观测技术重复周期及测量幅度
Figure 1. Magnitude of measureable ground deformation v.s. repeat time period
图 2 Mogi模型引起不同高程高斯型火山的地表形变
Figure 2. Displacement resulting from the Mogi model beneath the Gaussian volcano
图 3 不同深度的压力源引起的地表形变
Figure 3. Displacement caused by the pressure sources at different depth
图 4 长白山火山形变监测网（TC-天池）
Figure 4. Deformation monitoring network of Changbaishan volcano(TC-Tianchi)
图 5 腾冲火山形变监测网（HKS-黑空山；DYS-打鹰山；MAS-马鞍山）
Figure 5. Deformation monitoring network of Tengchong volcanoes(HKS-Heikongshan; DYS-Dayingshan; MAS-Ma'anshan)
图 6 海南火山形变监测网（MAL-马鞍岭；LHL-雷虎岭）
Figure 6. Deformation monitoring network of Hainan volcanoes(MAL-Ma'anling; LHL-Leihuling)
表 1 大地测量新技术应用于中国活动火山监测情况统计
Table 1. Summary of new geodetic measurement used in active volcano monitoring in China
火山 形变观测技术应用 GPS观测成果 InSAR观测成果 模拟深度/km 参考文献 长白山天池 水准（2002年开始、每年） 视线方向：6mm/a（1992—1998）
3mm/a（2007—2010）
视线方向：间白山6—12cm
（1995—1998），隆升最大5mm/a2—60 唐攀攀等，2014
陈国浒等，2008
韩宇飞等，2010GPS（2000年开始、每年） 腾冲 水准（1998、1999、2000、2002、2004年） ＞10mm/a 黑空山：下沉最大12cm
（1995—1997）
打鹰山：隆升最大8cm
（1995—1996），后回落
马鞍山：下沉最大10cm
（1995—1996），后回升季灵运等，2011
胡亚轩等, 2003, 2007测距仪（1997年） GPS（2002、2003、2004年） 海南 GPS（2008年开始、每年） 4.0—6.7mm/a 垂向相对形变量9mm/a 8—25 Hu等，2016a
Ji等，2015阿什库勒 视线方向：隆升最大约1cm
（2008—2010）许建东等，2014
季灵运等，2013
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